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Andrew Carnegie's Vertical Integration

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1) Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration, controlling every step in the process of manufacturing a product, dominating the market. Vertical integration is when the company owns all means of distribution from beginning to end, this makes supplies more reliable and improved efficiency. It controlled the quality of the product at all stages of production. Horizontal integration was used by John D. Rockefeller and is an act of joining or consolidating with one’s competitors to create a monopoly. In Ohio in 1870 he organized the Standard Oil Company. By 1877 he controlled 95% of all of the refineries in the United States. Interlocking directorate is a process of buying out competition and placing officers from one's own banking house on their

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