The objective of this experiment was to perform a dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol. The result would be a mixture of 1-methylcyclohexene and 3-methylcyclohexene. There can also be a third product, methylenecyclohexane, though this would be identified using gas chromatography. An acid-catalyzed dehydration of 2-methylcyclohexanol occurs via an E1 mechanism; acids will react with 2-methylcyclohexanol to eliminate the alcohol (OH group). This causes the formation of a carbocation and an alkene will form near the charge. Based on the position of the charge, two or three products can be produced. After the protonation of the alcohol group on 2-methylcyclohexanol, resulting in water (good leaving group), a double bond will form, producing 3-methylcoyclohexene. …show more content…
In this case, a hydride shift will occur between the hydrogen attached to the charge and the hydrogen near the methyl group. The result is a tertiary carbocation and a double bond will form near the substituent; the alkene with the most substituted group is the major product, or 1-methylcyclohexene. According to Zaitsev’s rule, the alkene with the most substituted group would be the major product, because it is the most stable. The formation of the tertiary carbocation could also produce the third product, though in less quantity because it forms a less substituted alkene (minor product). In order to proceed with this reaction, 2-methylcyclohexanol is combined with the acids, phosphoric and sulfuric acid, and heated under distillation. During distillation, the circulation of water in the condenser would prevent any loss of
Feras Kaid Chem 2415-43 TA: Rio Assessment 1 Conclusion In this lab, there were 4 different distillations that were performed each with the same end goal to separate the two different organic compounds, cyclohexane and toluene. We used the boiling points of the two compounds to separate them using the following 4 techniques: microscale simple distillation, miniscale simple distillation, miniscale fractional packed distillation, and miniscale fractional unpacked distillation. The three different miniscale distillations were used to predict the accuracy of the distillation by comparing them to one other. The most accurate of the three distillations is the miniscale fractional packed distillation because this type uses a Vigreux column instead
Grignard is a reaction that is crucial to forming the new carbon-carbon bond. This is a two-part lab that teaches new techniques; the purpose of this lab is to introduce realistic organic synthesis and apply acid workup to produce triphenylmethanol. A Grignard reaction is characterized by the addition of a magnesium halide (an organomagnesium halide) to an aldehyde or a ketone in order to form a secondary or tertiary alcohol. These reactions are helpful because they serve as a crucial tool in performing important carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions (Arizona State University, 2018). This experiment aimed to observe the mechanisms of a Grignard reply to synthesize triphenylmethanol from benzophenone using phenylmagnesium bromide as the Grignard reagent.
It forms a complex with HBr and extracts it from the aqueous phase into the organic phase where the alkene is. This dehydrates the acid, making it more reactive so that the addition reaction is possible. Rapid stirring is required in order to maximize the surface area
For this experiment, we had to test a hygroscopic ionic compound to determine its water of hydration. Basically, we had to calculate how many water molecules were on an ionic compound (ours was FeSO₄ which is Iron (II) Sulfate). To calculate the number of water molecules on the ionic compound, we first had to measure out one gram of the compound. We also had to measure the crucible and lid to it that we put the compound in whilst we burned it. The crucible and lid together measured 20.
The hydrogen removed must be anti to the leaving group. The mechanism of E2 reaction has only one steps, which is displacement of leaving group by removing hydrogen. The rate of the E1 elimination is based on substrate only, while it depends on both substrate and base in E2 elimination. E1 elimination is favored by weak base and ptotic solvents, while E2 is favored by strong base, high concentration of nucleophile and aprotic solvents. The major product of E2 elimination is the more substituent alkene, while the products of E1 elimination are trans-cis alkene and terminal
Dehydration of 2-Methylcyclohexanol Sura Abedali Wednesday 2:00 PM January 31, 2018 Introduction: Dehydration reactions are important processes to convert alcohols into alkenes. It is a type of elimination reaction that removes an “-OH” group from one carbon molecule and a hydrogen from a neighboring carbon, thus releasing them as a water molecule (H2O) and forming a pi bond between the two carbons1. In this experiment, 2-methylcyclohexanol undergoes dehydration to form three possible products: methylenecylcohexane, 1-methylcyclohexene, and 3-methylcyclohexene in a Hickman still apparatus. Adding 85% Phosphoric Acid to protonates the “-OH” group, turning it into a better leaving group and initiating the dehydration reaction.
The purpose of this experiment was to identify two unknowns and their ratios in a given mixture. The identities of the unknowns were two of either acetone, methanol, hexane, cyclohexane, heptane, toluene, or ethyl benzene. Distillation Distillation is used to remove impurities from a mixture – one component of which must be a liquid. Boiling points are utilized in determining the identity of the unknowns. Types of distillation include
Results 8. The obtained product was 4-tert-butylbenzyl phenol ether. This leads the unknown compound # 51 to be tert-butyl phenol. 9. Theoretical yield =
Then, the other part of cupric acetate which is acetate as the base attacks the proton in benzoin. Then, acetic acid was formed and also resonance will stabilize the radical and move the electron to form a double between carbon-carbon. After forming the double bond between carbon-carbon, the electrons in the double bond move between oxygen and carbon and form
There are two methods of obtaining cyclohexane. These two methods are fractional distillation of naphtha and hydrogenation of benzene. Research suggest that the hydrogenation of benzene is the most economical way to create our chemical of choice. According to ICIS, cyclohexane is used in the production of adipic acid used to
The overall effect of this reaction is that the shuffling of -OH group from position 3 to 4. The yield that get is isocitrate
This reaction was able to happen during designated lab time due to the fact that a phenol was used. Phenols or more reactive than unsubstitued benzene rings due to the presence of the alcohol on the benzene ring. The alcohol is considered an activating group due to the oxygen’s ability to donate its lone pairs into the benzene ring thus giving it more electrons and thus making it more nucleophilic and more likely to react with the introduced electrophilic species. As aforementioned, there are various products formed in this reaction the two major products formed though are the ortho and para products. It is debatable which product is more prominent due to steric reasons and the capability of each product to conduct in hydrogen bonding.
Introduction: In this lab, of water in a hydrate, or a substance whose crystalline structure is bound to water molecules by weak bonds, is determined by heating up a small sample of it. By heating, the water of hydration, or bound water, is removed, leaving only what is called an anhydrous compound. Based on the percent water in the hydrate, it can be classified as one of three types: BaCl2O ⋅ 2H20, with a percent water of about 14.57%, CuSO4
Based on the results, it is determined that the cyclohexane and ethyl acetate produce a positive deviation and chloroform and acetone create a negative deviation together. The cyclohexane and the ethyl acetate were unable to form any intermolecular bonds with each other, which created the low boiling points and the low azeotrope. The two compounds would rather stay in a pure status than be mixed together. The chloroform and the acetone created hydrogen bonding with each other, which increased the intermolecular forces. This caused the mixture to have high boiling points than the two pure liquids by themselves and create a high azeotrope.
1.The purpose of using distilled water is negative control. Explain why this is important. A negative control can be seen as the control group where no response is expected from the experiment this, is unlike the positive control. Distilled water acts as a non chemically active compound.