Abstract The different factors that contribute to the eye pigmentation of Drosophila melanogaster are based on proteins that are likely to influence in the fly's eye pigmentation. The experimental procedure was done to learn more about Mendelian Law of Segregation and to determine whether or not two different fruit fly crosses for the 3:1 phenotypic ratio. In this study, the lab group examined the eye pigmentation of Drosophila melanogaster’s under a dissecting microscope to determine the phenotypes that the second generation would exhibit. The predictions made throughout the experiment was, the flies will show no eye color change, and any other effect will be due to the existence of a mutation in the genes. Alternative hypothesis made throughout …show more content…
The process consisted of counting the second generation flies and observe the phenotype in this case eye pigmentation. F1 had red/brown eye color. The following table demonstrates the phenotypic ratio obtained for an F2 generation.
Table 1.1 Phenotypic ratio of second generation D. melanogaster.
The table above, note that the phenotypic ratio of monohybrid is 3:1, but the genotype for the generation is 1:2:1.
Table 1.2 Quantitative and qualitative data of second Drosophila melanogaster. After approximately three weeks, a total of 62 fruit flies were obtained for the second generation. There were 16 males that expressed the recessive allele (w) and 14 that expressed the wild type (+). Note that out of 32, cero females were carriers of the white gene.
A chi-square test was done on the results obtained for the observable trait of the second generation flies Drosophila melanogaster in order to determine the rejection of acceptance of the null (Ho) hypothesis and the alternative (Ha) Hypothesis. The following data table 1.3 shows the calculations obtained for the color pigmentation.
Table 1.3 Chi-Square analysis of F2 generation
This experiment was conducted to determine whether or not Callosobruchus maculatus, or bean beetles, had a bean color preference for oviposition choice. Oviposition is the process of a female insect laying her eyes on plant parts and other materials, which can be influenced by many factors. The bean beetle eggs are opaque and clear, which allowed us to test the hypothesis that C. maculatus prefer the darker red Adzuki beans over the white Black-eyed peas for oviposition choice. Two different colored bean types were used, the red Adzuki beans and the white Black-eyed peas. We placed three female and two male bean beetles in each petri dish, with 55 of each bean type randomly placed in the dish, for a week.
Two human receptor-making genes are similar to those in other mammals. This implies that human color vision began when one of the genes in other mammals duplicated and copies specialized over time for different light sources. The switch to color vision correlates to a switch from a monochromatic forest to one with a multitude of colors in
Although these traits are not sex linked, the life cycle and sex determining markers for fruit flies was first identified and studied. The sex determining factors were used to differentiate the F 1 (male and female) before interbreeding the F1 generation. Using the observed traits of the parents, the genotypes of the F1 generation was derived. Using the observed phenotype and the derived genotype of the F1 generation, the phenotypic ratio of the F2 were hypothesized to be 9 winged and red , 3 wingless
Introduction: The objective of this lab was to study the trait of aldehyde oxidase (AO) in fruit flies. Aldehyde oxidase is responsible for catalyzing the oxidation of many aldehydes. The aldox gene controls the amount of AO activity in Drosophila melanogaster. In the first part of the lab, an enzyme spot test will be performed on two different vials of Drosophila to exhibit the AO activity of both vial 1A and 1B. A positive test for AO test will present a blue color, while a negative test will present no reaction.
Skin color has created a diverse population in society as we know it. Differences within race among various populations conclude that there was more than one evolutionary event. Today, while we don’t have fossil skin from our African hominin ancestors (Homo erectus), it’s probable that they were dark, as are African populations now. Earlier ancestors may have had lighter skin. Now, take a look at our closest relatives, chimps and gorillas, their skin the actual parts underneath the hair are unpigmented.
A Demonstration of Chemotaxis Between Flies and Various Substances (Sugar vs Bacteria) Abstract: The purpose of this lab based on the Drosophila melanogaster (the common fruit fly) reactions. Since the fly has been studied and observed for many years, and known for its unique chemotactic attractions to different stimuli, it was an ideal organism for the study being conducted. In the experiment the purpose was to be able to figure out whether the flies would be more attracted to sugar or bacteria.
Near the junction between a single ancestral species branching off into two distinctive species, there will undoubtedly be large similarities between the two species. These similarities are expected to diminish over many generations as the two species become reproductively incompatible. However, If we consider the "grey area" that is the time between two strains of a species becoming reproductively distinct, we can why it is so advantageous for distinguishable facial features to arise; distinct facial features serve as a form of genetic authentication that allows identification of individuals with certain genes. These are the exact genotypic traits that must be propagated in a subset of the ancestral species for a budding new species to adapt to a new environment and/or escape the competition for resources from the original ancestral species by developing a niche. Hence, two characterizing features of primates with distinguishable facial features are genetic diversity and capacity for adaptive radiation.
To illustrate, any two fruit flies are as genetically different from each other as you are from a chimpanzee. To address a recent comment you made involving race, “[Your cousins] are playing basketball this season; they didn’t
In Hopi E. Hoestra’s article From Darwin to DNA: The Genetic Basis of Color Adaptations, the author explains the advantages of using color to study genetic basis of adaptations. First, color is a trait in which an organism is able to interact with their environment through biological processes such as mate choice, warning coloration, mimicry, and camouflage. Secondly, this adaptive trait can be found in the genetic material of most organisms.
In class we talked about melanin and how it effected skin color and briefly discussed how it effected eye color. How if you did not have melanin to color your eyes they would appear red or pink because of your exposed blood vessels like in albinism. I found this information truly fascinating and wanted to learn more about how/why we have color variation, or even color at all, in our eyes. The first thing I found in my research is that the original eye color is brown somewhere presumably 6,000-10,000 years ago there was a genetic mutation in which two nucleotides were switched, an adenine and a guanine. This mutation turned off the eyes capability of making a brown eye color.
One was produced by the Seattle SNPs Project and sequenced 320 genes in 24 African-Americans and 23 European-Americans, all unrelated to each other to reduce the effects of having similar sequences catalogued more than once. Using analysis software PHASE, each haplotype was classified according to an identifying allele and lineage, and was grouped with similar haplotypes, and phylogenetic trees with the maximum likelihood of being correct were constructed and selected by a different software, PHYML. The researchers took any pattern in which a haplotype departed from the average consensus sequence of its lineage as an indication that recombination or gene conversion occurred. Deviation from neutral evolution was tested with an F test, quantifying differences between empirical data on sequence change and what would be expected from neutral evolution as shown in
Somatic loss or inactivation of the Grey duplication results in reinstatement of normal pigmentation, commonly seen in the freckling of Flea-bitten Greys, and less commonly in larger patches that are established during embryogenesis. These latter patches are often known as blood marks, from their appearance in Grey Arabians, where the base colour of the horse is generally either Bay or Chestnut, resulting in a largely phaeomelanic patch. The other change, investigated in Paper II, is somatic expansion of the duplication, which can lead to aggressiveness in melanomas, and thereby reduced survival of the individual. Another aspect of potential allelic evolution with regards to Grey is if the slowness of Greying in the Slow Greying Connemaras is indeed in linkage with Grey, a causative variant could potentially be discovered.
Human color vision is broken down into 3 pigment sequencing of genomic and DNA clones that encode the apoproteins of these 3 pigments the; deduced amino acid show 41 +/- percent identity w/ rhodopsin. Red and Green 96% mutual but only 45% with blue. Green varies among color-normal individuals and together w/ a single red pigment gene, is proposed to reside in a head-to-tail down array with the X chromosome. Absorption spectra of cone photo pigments over the spectral range of 530 to 562 nm are a principal cause of individual differences in color vision within and across other primates. Nucleotide sequences were determined for 8 primate photo pigment cones.
This proves that the yellow pea is dominant and the green pea is recessive. Years later, the Punnett Square was invented to help us better understand the idea of dominant and recessive traits. For years, Mendel did these experiments, carefully
This generation he called the Filial generation, or the F1 generation. He then allowed the F1 generation to self-pollinate, which resulted in three quarters of the offspring having green pod color, and one quarter having yellow pod color. A 3:1 ratio.