Abstract A method to transform carbonate into graphene using shock-wave loading is presented in this paper. Graphene was synthesized using a detonation-driven flyer impacting mixtures of calcium carbonate and magnesium. In addition, by adding ammonium nitrate to the reaction system, nitrogen-doped graphene was formed in a one-step shock wave treatment. The recovered samples were characterized using various techniques such as transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The shock synthesis of graphene requires a balance between the growth rate of graphene and the formation rate of carbon atoms. The pressure and temperature are two important factors affecting the synthesis of graphene. …show more content…
The experimental data (Figure 5) shows indeed that the 2D band can be decomposed into four peaks (2L) and provides strong evidence in favor of multi-layer graphene as the major product. The ID/IG intensity ratio is widely used to assess the density of defects in graphite materials [29]. The D band of No.5 sample is rather uniform and near the noise level, indicating the NG remains a high crystalline quality. It is noted that the ID/IG for all samples in this work is much larger than that of CVD-grown graphene [15]. In addition, a weak disorder-induced feature at 1620 cm-1 can also be observed in Raman spectra of shock-synthesized samples. Based on these results, we can conclude that shock loading can not produce pristine graphene, but graphene with many defects due to its extreme loading process. Shock wave action generates high temperature, high pressure and high strain rate. This extremely nonequilibrium 12 process may induce considerable defects in shock-synthesized products. This has also been verified in shock synthesized diamond and graphite [32]. Table 2. Raman data of shock-synthesized graphene and NG. No ID/IG I2D/IG 2D-FWHM(cm-1) 2 0.6 1.43 41 3 0.5 1.14 54 4 0.35 1 51 5 0.16 1.39 45 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 2D G 5 …show more content…
In contrast, high pressure will reduce the formation rate of carbon atoms and the carbon deposition efficiency. In the No. 3 test with a high pressure of 32 GPa and a relatively low shock temperature of 2968 K, only multi-layer graphene was formed without other carbon phases. Appropriate high shock pressures and low shock temperatures are favorable for the synthesis of fewer layer graphene. 4. Conclusion In this work, a facile shock wave treatment for the synthesis of graphene and NG was developed which provides a simple, energy-saving and novel synthesis route. The shock synthesized graphene/multi-layer graphene and NG were evidenced by TEM, 19 Raman, XRD, and XPS measurements. The shock pressure and temperature are two important factors in the synthesis of graphene by affecting the formation rate of carbon. When the shock pressure and temperature are too low, the shock waves can not generate sufficient energy to produce carbon phase. An increase of pressure and temperature was observed to be favorable for the synthesis of carbon phases. Appropriate high pressure and low temperature are favorable for the synthesis of
In this zone, in light of the high temperature, almost the majority of the matter present is vaporized to shape a gas at to a great degree high weight. A sudden overpressure, i.e., a weight far in overabundance of climatic weight, proliferates far from the focal point of the blast as a stun wave, diminishing in quality as it ventures. It is this wave, containing the majority of the vitality discharged, that is in charge of the significant part of the dangerous mechanical impacts of an atomic blast. The subtle elements of stun wave engendering and its impacts change contingent upon whether the burst is noticeable all around, submerged, or
In the Bubbles experiments, the gas carbon dioxide will be blown into the water. When carbon dioxide is blown into water, it dissolves within the water to form carbonic acid. In this lab
Carbon dioxide has a less than density of soda, so the bubbles rise. You know this because if you put a balloon on top of the top of the bottle and put pop rocks in. The carbon dioxide will fill up the balloon. Pop rocks and soda make a chemical reaction. The soda is the main part that makes the balloon fill with gases.
When the temperatures are high enough, the nuclei of atoms will push against each other with enough force to join, resulting in a release of
The gas in Gas gangrene is composed of five different gases combined together such as nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide..
Throughout the 1900s, there were new ideas that were both accepted and rejected as useful and realistic. Nanotechnology, radio, and plastic were all developed during this time period and were presented in different ways. The ways in which these new technologies are presented and imagined greatly effects its future. The timing of innovations, the speed of its upheaval, its usefulness in society, and economic impacts are critical factors in the development of technologies. On the other hand, the development of wooden airplanes was not as successful because of the process in which this advancement was researched and applied.
Claim: Through the tests performed in lab, it was concluded that unknown powder E was NaHCO₃, powder K was MgSO₄ and powder V was cornstarch. Evidence: Unknown element E was first tested with phenolphthalein and the solution turned pink, this test left 3 possible compounds; NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaCO₃. Next the compound was tested with iodine and the solution turned yellow showing that now there was two compounds that could be the identity of unknown powder E; NaHCO₃ and CaCO₃. After that compound E was tested for being soluble in water, the powder was soluble, this proved that unknown element E is NaHCO₃. Unknown Element K was also first tested following the steps for the phenolphthalein test and the compound turned clear, this test ruled out NaHCO₃, Na₂CO₃, and CaCO₃. Second the unknown powder was tested with iodine and the solution turned yellow, leaving NaCl, CaSO₄ and MgSO₄ as possible identities of unknown powder K. Considering this it was next tested for solubility in H₂O, and it was concluded that the compound was soluble. Next the unknown element was tested with sodium hydroxide and a white precipitate formed proving that unknown powder K was MgSO₄ because NaCl and CaSO₄ were ruled out.
Graphing to Determine the Density of Unknown Metals Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to graph and compare measurements of mass, volume, and density of two unknown metals. Relationships in data and physical appearances were observed and used to identify each metal. The density was shown as the slope of the graph as both were equivalent to mass divided by volume.
They bubble in water releasing the gas, but do not react in cooking oil because there is no carbon dioxide. They react best in whatever substance has the most carbon dioxide. That is why it reacts well in water, and soda. You can also do another experiment with Pop Rocks.
In the 1840s, Friedrich Schönbein accidently discovered that cotton soaked in nitric and sulfuric acid can explode when exposed to heat. This property of “guncotton” results from the fact that the protons on the various alcohol groups of cellulose were converted into NO2 groups, in a process known as nitration. This discovery would inspire the search for similar ways to manufacture explosives. It is extremely fascinating and noteworthy to compare how similar the synthesis of TNT (trinitrotoluene) is to the way Schönbein accidently formed guncotton. If you were to start with toluene as your starting material, you can follow similar steps taken by Schönbein to synthesize TNT.
When conventional explosives are detonated, the bullet is fired down the gun barrel at the core. When the bullet and the core are driven together, a critical mass is formed. Simultaneously, the neutron initiator fires some neutrons into the critical mass. When this happens, some atoms of the mass are split, and the neutrons produced by those splitting atoms strike nearby nuclei of other atoms, causing additional fission to occur. (This is known as a chain reaction.)
The process involved blowing air into molten iron which already contains carbon in it from the ashes of stuff like coal. When the air is blown
The gamma allotrope has a body-centered cubic crystalline structure and is stable at high temperatures. With a melting point of 824 °C and a boiling point of 1196 °C, ytterbium has the smallest liquid range of all the metals. The thermal conductivity of ytterbium is 34.9 J/m-sec-deg, its electrical conductivity is 35.7 1/mohm-cm, and its density is 6.973 g/cm3 (Emsley). This rare earth element is ductile because it has the ability to deform under tension. It is also malleable because it is able to be permanently pressed out of shape without cracking.
In its pure form it has high thermal and electric conductivity. It also has the lowest contact resistance of any metal.
Dry ice is made from carbon dioxide gas. The carbon dioxide gets pressurized, but once it is done getting pressurized it then gets cooled to form liquid CO2. Once that is done, the liquid carbon dioxide is put into a block press. When that is done the liquid turns into dry ice and carbon dioxide gas. The gas is then changed back into liquid carbon dioxide.