1.0 Introduction The question relating to perceptions of media credibility has been a recurring issue in mass communication scholarship since the mid 20th century. Hovland and Weiss (1951) concentrated on dimensions of source credibility, while Rimmer and Weaver (1987) highlighted variations in credibility perceptions of different channels, whereas Westley and Severin (1964) conducted the first comprehensive analysis of news credibility across media outlets. In their classic study, the authors noted that certain demographic variables, i.e. age, education, and gender mediate people’s perceptions of news credibility. The measurement of media credibility has been inconsistent and different operationalization of this construct has led to discrepancies …show more content…
Social media are Internet sites that allow users to interact freely, sharing and discussing information through multiple platforms, i.e. Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, Blogger, WordPress etc. These social tools give people the ability to communicate with each other on a scale and in ways that they can’t with traditional media. The means for any person to publish digital and creative content, provide and obtain real-time feedback via online discussions, commentary and evaluations (Dykeman, 2008, p.1). Thus far, users can create the content easily using digital media tools, Marshall McLuhan once remarked, the content of a new medium usually is built on and expands from the content of an older medium. Therefore, social media freely borrows from traditional media to create new content, which in turn frequently muddles the ownership of intellectual …show more content…
They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that’s power, because they control the minds of masses (Malcolm, 1960). Media affects people’s perceptions and priorities, also their thinking about the particular contents. Media shapes the public’s behavior about the issues and plays vital role in highlighting certain issues (Bresson, 1999). According to Festinger (1957), selective exposure and avoidance influence the credibility of news, which asserts that when individuals are exposed to information or events that are inconsistent with their own beliefs, it causes a state of discomfort or dissonance. Ultimately, selective exposure means that readers search for information that supports their beliefs while for selective avoidance, users actively avoiding information that challenges their views, are psychological mechanisms used to reduce feelings of dissonance (Festinger, 1957). In the same vein, Hill (2003) interpreted eight factors in determining the credibility of news – fairness and objectivity, misrepresentation by reporters, economic pressure, privacy versus the public rights to know, conflicts of interest, anonymous sources, gift, as well as compassion versus
Have you ever listened to a news story and thought it sounded one-sided? Or have you thought the news didn't seem to report the whole story or the most important aspect of a story? Journalists possess the power to influence a whole group of people with their work. When writers input their opinion, they generate bias. Consecutively, this influences a reader's reaction to a topic.
Katie Couric, a well known American journalist once said, “They like being able to turn on the television day in and day out to see someone that they know and they feel comfortable with and trust hopefully and respect even.” (“Katie Couric Quote”) Essentially, a television journalist welcomes themselves into homes all over the world everyday and it is up to the resident to put their whole trust in them. Telling people the news can be difficult, but it is also an experience that the journalist and the viewers experience together. It is the trust of that journalist that creates viewership and the urges to turn to certain channels when gathering news.
A different quote in this article states “The news media is extremely powerful, and that it can inject particular points of view into its audience. At the other extreme, scholars have contended that the media has minimal effects on individuals because of various mediating conditions, including their selective exposure to media they find congenial to their views, selective perception in accordance with preexisting
After all, news programming is meant to relay facts and inform of recent events. Does that mean undertone opinions should be adapted? When attempting to be the “first to report” a story, the lack of hesitation may allow for a story to be aired without all the facts. In the recent high profile events involving law enforcement, many times it initially appears the officer did something wrong. Viewers are incited, accusations fly, protests begin, and violence erupts creating a whole new situation for law enforcement fueled by media (Carlson, 91).
Society expect to be constantly entertained; they have become so concerned with things such as who the latest star is dating, scandals, or dumb people doing rather idiotic things. Much of society have been consumed in their personal instant gratification and what makes them “happy”. When on an off chance that news does show things that are serious and impactful(not necessarily positive things that is happening in the world) people have become so numb that the best they could do is feel sympathetic and at worst continue on with their day. The other part of the problem is that those behind what is being published and shown on the news media have been absorbed in their avarice nature, whatever allows them to make as much profit they do. “Writing thousands of hours of coverage from what could have been summarized in a couple of minutes every few weeks, a new rhetorical strategy was developed, or-let’s be generous-evolved”(6), Saunders describes the new formula formed by mass news firms that would yield the most profit.
The central theme of media manipulation and the consequences of that are explained and uncovered in Ryan Holiday’s book Trust Me I’m Lying: Confessions of a Media Manipulator. Holiday offers a brutally honest insight into the world of PR and journalism, one that many people can have trouble accepting and one that makes us doubt every form of media and advertisement around us and exposes the twisted relationship between online media and marketing. In the beginning of the book, Holiday admits that he is a liar, but asks the readers to believe everything he says. As mentioned in an article published by Poynter institute, “He has a point to make, but he 's like the addict warning of the dangers of drugs, all the while snorting a line and shaking his head at how bad it is” (Silverman, 2012).
McLuhan’s notion of “the medium is the message” has manifested over time and can now be applied to new mediums that were not around, or not popular, in McLuhan’s time. Social media platforms are a new medium that corporations take advantage of to promote their products to a large following of people. Platforms such as Twitter and Instagram are heavily used social medias that are regularly infiltrated with advertisements directed at a certain demographic of consumers. To further advertise products, corporations pay largely-followed users to
In today's society, the balance between individualism and conformity to society's expectations is a prominent and deceptive conflict. Oftentimes, the individual must put his uniqueness aside and settle for a view of an occupation, hobby, or idea that society agrees with. Instead of expressing original and creative ideas, they are held hostage by comparing themselves with the lives and accomplishments of others and the standards their our society. One of the biggest tools of society, social media, allows people to share ideas and interests with everyone. However, naturally, one will only post what he knows others will accept and enjoy just as he does.
1. Social media We live in a media age in which every possible information is just a few clicks away and social media has become integrated into our everyday lives as a source of entertainment, information and communication. It is especially true for the generation of students who are currently at lower and upper secondary schools and who basically grew up surrounded by modern technological advances, including social media. Palfrey (2008, p. 5-9) calls this generation “digital natives” and claims that because these students grew up in a digital age they have different expectations of what knowledge and experience they should receive in schools since information is readily available for them on the internet.
According to Baran (2012) mass communication can be defined as “the process of creating shared meaning between the mass media and their audiences.” This essay aims to discuss the degree to which we are shaped by our interaction with the media. In order to achieve the aforementioned aim of this essay I will focus on the following: limited-effects theory, two-step flow theory, attitude change theory and agenda setting. The limited effects theory sets out that media influence is based on individual and social characteristics.
Conversational media are web-based applications that make it possible to create and easily transmit content in the form of words, pictures, videos, and audios. Social media cannot be understood without first defining Web 2.0: a term that describes a new way in which end users use the World Wide Web, a place where content is continuously altered by all operators in a sharing and collaborative way (Kaplan and Haenlein). The authors also describe social media as “a group of Internet based applications that build on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and allow the creation and exchange of user generated content.” Social media has progressed from essentially giving a stage to people to stay in contact with their family and companions. Presently it is a spot where consumers can take in more about their most loved companies and the products or services they offer.
Social Media for The Community In this Modern Era, Social Media plays an pivotal role in communicating. If we look according to the expert B.K Lewis, media social is label for digital technology that allows people to interact,providing and sharing the message content. We know that social media is very close to the community. Even it can be said that “human’s can’t lived without social media”.
The theory explains “how individuals use mass communication to gratify their needs” (Burgeon, Hunsaker and Dawson, 1994, cited in Udende and Azeez, 2010, p. 34). The theory holds that “people influence the effects that mass media have on them” (Anaeto et al, 2008 cited in Edegoh, Asemah and Nwammuo, 2013, p. 23). The assumption of the theory is that people are not just passive receivers of media messages; rather, they actively influence the message effects. Media audience selectively choose, attend to, perceive and retain media offerings on the basis of their needs, beliefs, etc., thus, “there are as many reasons for using the media as there are media users”
ABSTRACT “The media's the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that's power. Because they control the minds of the masses.” Malcolm X
Chapter 1 Background of the Study Introduction In the contemporary world, most people use social media for news, entertainment, to seek information and to be updated every day. Nowadays, the use of social media has greatly changed how people interact with other people. Today, most people only consider the benefits that the social media brought to the people without thinking about the possible negative implications of using it.