During the years preceding the World War I, exponential progress in space technology was made in countries like Germany, the USSR and the USA. Unsurprisingly, their activities received an enormous boost during the war and afterwards, leading eventually to the great breakthrough of 1957, when Sputnik I became the first satellite to orbit the Earth in outer space.
In April 1961, Yuri Gagarin completed the first manned space flight and in 1969, Neil Armstrong became the first human being to set foot on the moon. It had, by then, already become apparent that legal rules were indispensable, if confusion and undesirable practises in the use of outer space were to be avoided.
While on the subject of history, it is worth going through the evolutionary
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This UN Treaty which entered into force on the 10th of October 1967 is the foundation on which a number of space law treaties have been based.
B) PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS
The fundamental question however here is whether it is necessary to create a special set of rules to govern man’s activities and consequential matters in outer space?
While the pros and cons surrounding the proper place for space law within the context of International law were being debated, a search was on for analogies and older structures in that sphere. The most tempting touchstone was the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 which laid down the foundation that Air law and Space law are to be treated differently.
To start with Air law, the following has been said by Kolossov-
‘Recognition of complete and exclusive sovereignty of each state over the airspace of its territory, recognition of the nationality of aircraft in accordance with its
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2) CONTRIBUTION OF ROCKET TECHNOLOGY TOWARDS POLLUTION IN OUTER SPACE.
A) Damage caused by nuclear and radioactive space activities.
The launch of the soviet satellite Sputnik I in 1957 triggered mankind’s journey to outer space. Though the first ever initiative returned within three months, it kicked off a massive never- ending race among the superpowers of the world to explore the unexplored.
As apparent from the case of the Cosmos-954 satellite , contamination may be caused by parts of a satellite carrying a nuclear charge coming down. In the cosmos-994 case, parts of that satellite came down in Canada in January 1978. But with satellites being used more and more frequently, there might well be other potentially harmful accidents.
The main source of pollution in outer space are the inactive satellites, upper stages of launch vehicles, frozen clouds of water remain in the orbit above Earth’s atmosphere which when collide, release tons of
The Space Race began in 1957 and it was a race to who went farther with a space breakthrough. For example, launching satellites, sending humans into space, and landing on the moon. Both wanted to show dominance and superiority. The Soviet Union led the race on October 4th, 1957 when they launched the first satellite. It weighed 184 pounds, it would orbit earth every 96 minutes and it transmitted radio signals for 21 days.
According to the Congressional Digest on “NASA History,” “During this period, space exploration emerged as a major area of contest and became known as the Space Race.” The Space Race was a nearly twenty year process between 1957 and 1975. During this time there was a constant battle between the two countries over who would be the first to send satellites into space. The first manmade object sent to space was Sputnik I, by the Soviet Union.
The Space Race seemed to only benefit the Soviets in the beginning. They were the first to launch Sputnik in 1957, and famously the first to put a man in space, Yuri Gagarin. According to historians though, these initial Soviet victories helped the United States to reach the moon first. In an effort to educate the public about the impacts of the original Soviet dominance in the war and how it helped propel the United States into the country who landed on the moon first, Asif Siddiqi, an esteemed space historian with a PhD from Fordham University stated, "In some ways, Sputnik and Gagarin were like gifts to NASA... You're not going to have a moon program without that kind of a shock.
According to the JFK Presidential Library and Museum, the space race began In 1957 when the Soviet Union launched the Sputnik satellite which the United States saw as a challenge to see who could make the most technological advancements within the following decade (Space Program).Shortly after the race began, the Soviet Union sent Yuri Gagarin into space, and he became the first man to Orbit the earth, the United States saw this as a sign that they were falling behind their competition (Space Program).The space race aimed to determine a superior nation between the United States and the Soviet Union, in the beginning the Soviet Union was clearly in the lead so the people of the United States were even more united with the common goal of being a superior nation. According to the National Cold War Exhibition at the Royal
Each side attempted to prove the greatness of their political system. The U.S.S.R was the first to fuel the fire of the Space Race by launching their first rocket, Sputnik 1, in the year 1957. A month later, the U.S.S.R. sent Sputnik 2 into space, which sent the first animal into orbit. While the Soviet Union was making progress, the
Would the military have a right to deploy weapons then? Not under the current terms of the treaty, no. As technology improves over the next several decades, or longer, the idea of civilian space travel is not so far-fetched. NASA is already planning a mission to Mars, and if missions see continued success, there is no doubt that States will invest their time, money, and resources to expand the space industry further. It needs time to develop before a decision can really be determined.
The purpose of this speech is to get the USA motivated to charge forward in the scientific community mainly backing the Apollo program and show the Russians that our technology is far superior to theirs. The setting was September 12, 1962 during the height of the cold war and space race. The speaker demonstrates his credibility (ethos) by showing us his knowledge of scientific events that changed the world and scientific facts such as how fast objects reenter the atmosphere showing that he knows a few things about space and he should be trustworthy when it comes to policies regarding space. Kennedy demonstrates his Knowledge of the Mariner spacecraft by
On February 20, 1962, astronaut John Glenn orbited the Earth three times and safely landed in the Atlantic Ocean. After this accomplishment, the U.S. was now equal in space exploration to the Soviet Union. His actions and dedication to the space program eventually contributed to landing a man on the moon in 1969. He also gave a well thought out speech about equal rights regarding racial segregation in hopes that it would come to an end. He passed a law that said
and the Soviet Union. This war was not fought with weapons but with technology to see who could out due each other. The space race came from this. Both the U.S. and Russia were trying to see who could send satellites and people into space. In the end the U.S. won the space race.
During Eisenhower’s presidency, there was a space-age race occurring between the United States and the Soviet Union. In an article by Yanek Mieczkowski, it discusses how, “In a critical Cold War moment, Dwight D. Eisenhower's presidency suddenly changed when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik, the world's first satellite.” At this point, America was losing in the space age race against the Soviet Union, which hurt Eisenhower and the United States’ pride. To earn an upper advantage with the space exploration, Eisenhower authorized the creation of NASA. On history.com’s website, it states that “He called the signing a [sic] historic step, further equipping the United States for leadership in the space age.”
, Americans thought that they were superior to the Soviets. • Began the Space race in America against the Soviet Union to close the “space gap” • Although President Dwight Eisenhower had tried to downplay the importance of the Sputnik launch to the American
The schools started changing; their curriculums became much stronger in math and science. It was more a goal to develop an engineer than attorney; it just really affected our schools.” From this quotation one can see that the space race influenced the education in the United States and changed it for the better. Bradt says, “Though Sputnik was a relatively simple satellite compared with the more complex machines to follow, its beeping signal from space galvanized the United States to enact reforms in science and engineering education so that the nation could regain technological ground it appeared to have lost to its Soviet rival” (Bradt). Although the Sputnik was not known to be technologically advanced it was the first thing to orbit the earth, it stunned people in the United States and caused an instant response.
After witnessing the decline of new innovations by the world’s space programs since the ‘60s, he
International laws are, by definition “A body of rules established by custom or treaty and recognized by nations as binding in their relations with one another” (www.oxforddictionaries.com). International law is a very significant topic because it affects everyone globally. In this research report, I would like to explore the advantages and disadvantages of international laws and consider if they should be enforced in all countries. The modern system we use today was developed in the 17th century in Europe and is still used worldwide (Stratton, 2009). After the Second World War, international unity became very popular (Neff).
When Neil Armstrong first touched down on the moon in 1969, millions of people watched him take the first step and create history (Villard). Yet even as we’ve moved on from the moon landings and consider them as a pivotal point for mankind, “Forty years after U.S. astronaut Neil Armstrong became the first human to set foot on the moon, many conspiracy theorists still insist the Apollo 11 moon landing was an elaborate hoax”(Than). The idea that our voyage to the moon was deliberately staged seems to resurface year after year. While the conspiracy theorists claim the moon landing was a hoax, creating a fake moon landing would have been more expensive and difficult than actually reaching the moon. The race to the moon began on October 5, 1957, when the Soviet Union launched Sputnik into orbit around the earth: “When the Soviet Union launched the satellite Sputnik, on October 4, 1957, the United States experienced a technological identity crisis”(Olson).