Mohammed Al Surayyi
Professor Smith
POL223
14 March 2015
The Unitary or Centralized system of government may be defined as the government which has all the powers to make decision for the whole of the nation and the main decision of international affairs and the national security are formed by the central government where the powers are flowed down to the states and the subgroups for successful implementation of the policies or decisions. The decisions related to the interest of the states are formed by the state governments and other subordinates. In this way, decisions and actions are governed by one central body and so it is known as centralized system of government.
The confederation system of government is the type of government where
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The Ohio Bank v United States of America case is an example of the nullification attempt by Ohio where state government denied to accept the decision formed in case of McCullouch v Maryland case and so, Ohio took $100,000 from national bank of America but later the Supreme Court held the Ohio’s tax and said it is unconstitutional and case was closed after controversies.
The South Carolina case for nullification is another example of the nullification where the nullification of the law was proved right and the new legislation was passed for south Carolina state for the no tariff and the federal law was not applicable for that state for that particular law. The northern states were developing through industrialization but the agricultural region of southern states were not and imposing import tariffs would help industries to produce their own goods but for southern states the raw material import cost also increased and so it directly effects the southern states. So, a lot of southern states demanded for nullification of law and the law was amended for southern
McCulloch vs Maryland Summary In case of McCulloch vs Maryland is a landmark case that questioned the extent of federal government 's separation of power from state government. A problem arose when the Second Bank of America was established. With the War of 1812 and it’s financial suffering in the past, the government sought to create a bank with the purpose of securing the ability to fund future wars and financial endeavors. Many states were disappointed with this new organization, one of them being Maryland.
1. McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) a. Constitutional Question: Under the Article 1, Section 8 of the Constitution, did the Maryland law unconstitutionally interfere with congressional law? b. Background Information: Congress set up the bank of Maryland McCulloch argued that the Maryland tax was unconstitutional and had no authority to demand taxes from the bank in Maryland. James W. McCulloch was a cashier at the Baltimore Branch and refused to pay the taxes.
Second major issues were nullification. This is a concept which states if the federal government rules are unconditional then state has the right to ignore and nullify. In 1832, a state convention in South Carolina declared a high protective tariff null and void. (According to the Haggard, Thomas R (2007)
Nullification was a controversial constitutional theory started by John C. Calhoun. He came up with the idea because he believed the tariff of 1816 was responsible for fall of South Carolinas economy. When in fact it was the exhausted farm land in the state which had caused the downfall. With his future political dreams resting on how he met this challenge in his home state he developed the theory of nullification. The theory stated that a state can suspend, within its boundaries, a federal law that was thought to be unconstitutional.
The articles of confederation were not truly democratic because of the leadership and the voting policy. The central authority of a confederation is usually a weak body appointed by the member states who usually will focus on joint foreign policy and defense matters, but rarely will have the power to do much more than that.. Under the Articles of Confederation, the United States was a Confederacy. The whole Government of the United States was vested in one body, The Congress Assembled, no official, no legal. The capacity of law authorization and judging law went by Congress was left to the States.
The Nullification Crisis was an event that happened between the years of 1828 and 1832. There were many reasons that this crisis occurred. Many of these reasons could have been avoided from happening. The event that really started it all was the Tariff of 1828. One of the tariffs done during the presidency of Andrew Jackson, it was tax on goods that were imported and sold.
The role of the President of the United States of America is defined by those who have held the office. The vagueness of the Constitution has allowed the power of the office to grow and shrink with the personal differences of the men who have held the position. The presidency is not just effected by those who hold the position, the institutional environment and the society of the time also take a massive role in determining the power and effectiveness of the presidency. Theodore Roosevelt and Andrew Jackson are two of the most influential presidents because they were adored by the people. Roosevelt and Jackson both stretched the power of the presidency in ways that were never envisioned by the framers of the constitution.
John Marshall was a key founder of the judicial branch of government, with his political opinions he laid the foundation for the United States Supreme Court. He had practically no schooling and only studied law for a short amount of time, but changed the nation drastically for the better helping to determine what the constitution could and could not do. Through many court cases Marshall helped established the power of state and federal government, creating the prosperous nation that is known today. John Marshall’s most important trial was Marbury vs Madison in 1803, this famous court case established what became the most important practice in the Supreme Court, judicial review. William Marbury the Secretary of Peace started a petition for which his commission was not delivered by the Secretary of State.
Even before Britain acknowledged that the 13 colonies were an independent state, Congress established a government. However, the Articles of Confederation, written by Democratic-Republican John Dickinson, gave the individual states too much power and the central government too little. This did not give Congress, the sole “organ” of the central government, the power to enforce any national law. Furthermore, the national government had a problem with funding. Congress had no power to
The Articles of Confederation were the first set of guidelines for the government in America that was ratified in 1781. The Articles of Confederation limited the powers of the government, gave most of the control to each individual state, did not require a president, and was quickly found to be ineffective. It left America at risk to be invaded by other countries or to suffer from economic problems. If another country wanted to conduct business in America, they had to deal with each state individually. Any amendment required unanimous approval (Evans & Michaud, 2015).
The Articles of the Confederation was the first form of government created by the Continental Congress, which developed an alliance between the thirteen states. Congress was a single-chamber legislature which allowed for each state to possess the same amount of authority no matter the size of the community. The Constitution
writing prompt #6: Explain why the media has been called the fourth branch of government. Include your opinion of whether this is an accurate portrayal. Media is considered the fourth branch of government, but why? Media influences lives on the daily and can influence governmental thoughts, opinions , and decisions as well. Because of this it could be used for or against the government.
“The different governments will each control each other at the same time that each will be controlled by itself.” (Doc A, Madison,James, Federalist Paper 51, 1788). Each part of the government had there own jobs to do, for example the central government has the power to regulate trade, conduct foreign relations, provide an army and navy, while the state government set up local governments, holds elections,
Under the British unitary system, U.S was a string of colonies. When the revolution implemented, U.S became a confederation under the articles of confederation and when that system verified as abortive, it was transformed into a federal system by the Constitution. This system is preferred for several reasons. The explanations may involve the size of the nation or the miscellany of the partisan divisions. As unitary system in the U.S and the diverse interests of different states made confederation impossible to run over.
Divided government occurs when one political party controls the presidency and another controls one or both houses of Congress. The struggle between parties can create significant issues for the government, including the appointment of judges and high officials and the creation of effective problem-solving legislation. Divided government creates an issue for the president in making federal appointments. The president has the constitutional power to nominate ambassadors, judges, and high officials, but these nominees are subject to Senate confirmation. When the government is divided the president and the Senate are of different political parties, this creates a problem in the appointment of these positions.