Answer 2: 1) Consequentialism, it says that an action can be judged as ethical or unethical based on the consequences it creates, practices which bring in a person cannot predict consequences beforehand, an art which could be gained with experience. Consequentialism has its types to evaluate morality, here it is by the human practices based on their act, the rules, the motives behind a specific practice and the character traits of a person who decides. Classic Utilitarianism is regarded as a generally accepted version of consequentialism. An action is considered moral based on the Utility, which is personal satisfaction, commonly stated as “happiness” minus the pain. Thus, an action is morally good or bad is based upon the rise and fall …show more content…
This is also a one-time payment, and will not be a continuous outflow of money to those officials. Considering, all my paperwork is perfectly filed and correct, I am not gaining personal benefits out of this transaction, apart from saving my job which is again my duty and responsibility towards my life bringing “happiness” to me and my family. Hence the motive behind this is not just to get a contract but a lot more than that and according to me considering the current scenario it is morally correct. 2) Deontology, on the contrary, describes two types of ethical imperatives. First, a hypothetical imperative and other categorical imperative. Both these tell to be morally correct but prior is done to create a win-win situation, by establishing a good relationship which could be helpful in the future and the latter tells to make an action which is morally correct no matter what the consequences be, good or …show more content…
He says that such law was made to reduce the crime rates, because they are morally incorrect, no matter they are done for good or bad. In the early 20th century, W.D Ross devised a pluralist approach where he focuses morality in various duties such as keeping promises, repairing the previous mistakes, returning to those who have benefitted us previously, promoting goodness, and lastly not to harm anyone. In this scenario, considering the aspects of both these scholars, the action of bribing a foreign official doesn’t favor an ethical behavior, but as per the pluralist theory by W.D. Ross, this action is promoting goodness being beneficial to the people of Kalao, who would be working in the company. It also doesn’t harm anyone considering the consequences of such bribe. Thus, Deontology has a broad approach and has many nuances to consider an action ethically correct or incorrect. Thus, according to my decision of bribing a foreign official the idea behind deontology doesn’t specify that my decision is
According to Professor Douglas W. Portmore, a rule consequentialist, “holds that the rightness of an act depends not on the goodness of its consequences, but on whether or not it is in accordance with a certain code of rules, which has been selected for its good consequences” (Portmore, par 3), which provides that so long as rules prohibit lying then it would be wrong. As to when lying would be permitted, it would solely depend on if the lie adheres to specific rules that have been established. For instance, in the bible one of the Ten Commandments prohibits lying, therefore, with respect to the divine command belief, it would be pertinent to a rule consequentialist (who believes in the divine command theory). On the contrary, if a rule consequentialist
Utilitarianism is one of the best-known theory under the consequentialism, and its idea is the Greatest Happiness Principle(GHP). According to the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Utilitarian believe that the purpose of morality is to
Abortion can be categorized as both a legal, and ethical issue. Being such a controversial topic some might argue that abortion should be considered murder, while others simply see it as a way to get rid of a problem. Religion plays a large part in the ethical issue of abortion, just like with any other ethical problem, religion plays a large part of the decisions we make in everyday life. Keeping this in mind we can say religion, and a person’s ethical view of life plays a large part in the decision of having an abortion. In this paper I will discuss the ethical views on abortion, Marquis’s argument, and look at the different ethical views from different points of views on the topic.
Deontology which is derived from the Greek words Deon (meaning obligation/duty) and logia (science/study) combined to be also known as duty or rule-based ethics or the study of duties or obligations. It is a branch of ethical theories that deals with ethics of conduct, which theories are based on the sort of actions people must perform. It is based on non-consequentialism where the ends do not justify the means and thus deontology is an approach to ethics in which a sense of duty or principle prescribes the ethical decision (Preston, 2007). Deontology affirms duties must be obeyed regardless of the consequences. The theory of Deontology has its flaws as well and this essay will present three criticisms of deontology namely that deontology relies on moral absolutes, allows acts that make the world a worse place, two permissible duties that are right can conflict with each other and will demonstrate these flaws with relevant case studies and dilemmas.
A law enforcement organization is an agency with an ethical system which must display their allegiance and integrity to the public. And the ethical system in policing context refers to the moral values that are generally accepted as professional standards in policing. According to the Encarta electronic dictionary, ethics can be explained as the study of proper standards and how they affect a system of moral values governing the suitable conduct for a person or group. To further understand the concept of ethics, ethics can be divided into two perspectives or theories, commonly known as deontological (non-consequentialism) and teleological (consequentialism). These two perspectives are important for a police officer to carry out their duties
For example, management can make decision by using cookie jar reserve to increase company revenue for greater outcome in company share value but deontology theories let them feel that it is their duty to make decision that is morality and won’t break the law so they decided not to do it by reporting the actual revenue on the financial statement. Hence Ethic theories like Deontology will make good decision making in preventing financial crime as it is morality and
Deontology focuses on whether an action is right or wrong, with no in-betweens or gray areas. In this specific situation, the act of killing anybody is automatically unacceptable no matter what circumstances could be considered at
Deontology and Utilitarianism are similar in that the tenets of each aims at promoting the well-being of others by doing good. However, there are several differences between Deontology and Utilitarianism. Deontology focuses on the moral intention of an act.
Consequential Ethical theory It is a part of normative ethical theories and it means that the consequence of ones behavior is an ultimate mean for anyone to judge the rightness or wrongness of that behavior. So, from the perspective of a consequentialist an ethically right act is the one that will inherit good outcome or consequence. It usually explains the saying “the end justifies the means” which means that in order to achieve a goal, take any route which leads to achieving it.
The divine command theory, utilitarianism, Kant’s duty defined morality, natural law theory, and Aristotle’s virtue ethics are the five types of ethical theories. The divine command theory states that what is morally right and wrong will be decided by God. Utilitarianism states that “Action “A” is morally right if and only if it produces the greatest amount of overall happiness. Kant’s duty defined morality states that what is important is acting for the sake of producing good consequences, no matter what the act is. Natural law theory states that people should focus on the good and avoid any evil.
Recently Wells Fargo’s scandal of creating phony accounts has raised ethical concerns in the corporate world. Wells Fargo employees opened more than two million unauthorized bank and credit card accounts to meet sales projections. The company was charged with huge fines and earned a bad reputation that will take years to rebuild. According to the Deontological perspective on ethics least some acts are morally obligatory.
“Ethics is the critical, structured examination of how individuals and institutions should behave when their actions affect others (Chris MacDonald)”. The scenario suggests that Brady, a prospective landlord is giving a bribe to Zarley. Zarley represents the bank and its values, therefore his actions should present the image of his company. Bribery is clearly an unethical and illegal act that was possessed by Brady. Zarley made the right decision by returning the money and iPads to Brady.
There is also the utilitarian approach and the egoistic one. The utilitarian would believe that an act is morally right or wrong depending on the consequences that bring as much pleasure or wellbeing than any other act. So, if the Volkswagen never got caught, then they would still be making a lot of money. An act utilitarian would think this is morally right. However, a rule utilitarian believes that we should act to a set of rules that will lead to the best consequences if they were accepted by all of society.
The theory of deontology states we are morally obligated to act in accordance with obvious set of principles and rules regardless of results. Deontological ethics focuses on duties, and rights. The term deontological was coined by the utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham, who described it as “knowledge of what is right or proper” Bentham thought that deontology points in the direction of principle of utility. But contemporary philosophers use the term deontological to indicate a contrast with the utilitarian focus on the consequences of action. Instead of focusing on consequences, deontological ethics focus on duties and obligation: things we ought to do regardless of the consequences.
When it comes to ethics we follow utilitarianism. Utilitarianism offers a relatively straightforward method for deciding the morally right course of action for any particular situation we may find ourselves in. To discover what we ought to do in any situation, we first identify the various courses of action that we could perform. Second, we determine all of the foreseeable benefits and harms that would result from each course of action for everyone affected by the action. And third, we choose the course of action that provides the greatest benefits after the costs have been taken into account.