C. elegans cross breeding with mutated hermaphrodites
Abstract
Caenorhabditis elegans are androdioecious species consisting of males and self-fertilizing hermaphrodites. Males in nature are typically rare, although if given the chance they will successfully mate with hermaphrodites (Murray 2011). These organisms are often used as model organisms due to its simple anatomy along with easily identified characteristics. . It has a short lifespan, therefore analyzing the life span of several generations can be carried out in a short period of time and provide a better understanding of biological processes, such as gene regulation and sex determination(Padilla 2014). The purpose of this experiment is to determine the pattern of
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The literature states c.elegans were discovered in 1963 as a beneficial research to study genetics/biology. The worms were introduced into research by Sydney Brenner in 1963 (Wisconsin-Madison., n.d.). C. elegans have been used a key tool to observe phenotypes and genotypes. C.elegans are perfect to experiment on because they have a short life cycle and produce 300-350 offspring at a time (Wisconsin-Madison., n.d.). Having a short life cycle means researchers can understand and observe the nature a genetic diversity. Also, c.elegans can be observed how genetic mutations is sex-linked or autosomal. The worms are a time efficient way to look at multiple generations and the phenotypic behavior. The gender of c.elegans is only males and hermaphrodites (Wisconsin-Madison., n.d.).Caenorhabditis elegans was one of the first multicellular eukaryotes with a completely known genomic sequence (Fraser et. al. 2000). The adult C.elegans hermaphrodite is anatomically simple with only 959 somatic cells and contains many tissue types like neurons, muscles, intestine, and epidermis (Tsang
There was no indication of phenotypic differences between male and female mutant flies ,illustrating that the mutation was not sex linked because both mutant sexes possessed the same eye mutation. Male flies in both wild type and mutant flies consisted of the sex combs in the front of the legs, and dark coloration located at the end of the abdomen. Both classes of female flies possessed a tiger- striped abdomen and a tag-like tip at the end of the abdomen. After confirmation of our eye mutation we can assume that our mutation can be due to either genes rosy, garnet, brown, purple, and sepia because these are genes that affect the pigmentation color of the Drosophila melanogaster. Our mutation may be caused by the transportation of the enzyme xanthine dehydrogenase to the rosy gene which causes a deficiency in the pigmentation
This experiment was conducted to determine whether or not Callosobruchus maculatus, or bean beetles, had a bean color preference for oviposition choice. Oviposition is the process of a female insect laying her eyes on plant parts and other materials, which can be influenced by many factors. The bean beetle eggs are opaque and clear, which allowed us to test the hypothesis that C. maculatus prefer the darker red Adzuki beans over the white Black-eyed peas for oviposition choice. Two different colored bean types were used, the red Adzuki beans and the white Black-eyed peas. We placed three female and two male bean beetles in each petri dish, with 55 of each bean type randomly placed in the dish, for a week.
The bottom of the adult culture vial was tapped gently to settle the flies, while another culture vial is placed on top of the vial to catch the flies when they fly out. The two vials were then re capped to prevent the flies from escaping. A felt wand dipped in fly nap (an anesthesia capable of putting the flies to sleep for 45-60 minutes) is then gently inserted into the anesthetization vial to put the flies to sleep. When the flies appeared asleep, the sex determining features and phenotypes of parent 1, parent 2 were observed. Anesthetization and mating of F1 generation
Females invest more and make few large, expensive eggs. For example, when a male honeybee reaches his climax, he explodes, his genitals ripped from his body with a loud snap. In Chapter 2 of the expense is damnable, almost all individuals of C. Elegans are female hermaphrodites, and a small minority, around one in a thousand, are certain true males, Based on XO sex alles (Hermaphrodites have XX) this would conclude that when self-inseminated, a common worm would lay birth to 300 eggs. In Chapter 3 Fruits of knowledge, this chapter shows the main importance of what are the important female roles when it comes to sexual reproduction. Females in many other species insist on trading sex for food, but in this situation, in species where females swap sex for food, loose females typically eat better and have more offspring.
This experiment shows that although
The purpose of this experiment was to conduct a long-term population genetics study by observing five generations of Drosophila melanogaster to determine the allele frequencies of eye color. Population genetics is the study of distribution and change in allele frequency in a population (). This makes population genetics important to the study of evolutionary biology as it examines adaptations, speciation, and the population structure of a population under study (). Two important processes of population genetics that will be examined in this experiment are natural selection and genetic drift, both that are important to evolution ().
Reproductive behaviour can fall under either Nature or Nurture
The New York Times recently published an article that proposed the reason the oldfield mouse is monogamous could be genetic. Scientists began looking at the behavior of the oldfield mouse because of its tendency to be monogamous and also for the males to be involved in the raising of the children. This is a unique behavior among mammals, as typically a male mammal will mate with as many females as possible. Additionally, the oldfield mouse will not mate with a deer mouse, unless they are in a laboratory environment and a deer mouse is the only reproductive option (Zimmer, 2017). Using this knowledge, scientists decide to look at the childrearing tendencies of the oldfield mouse and the deer mouse to determine a genetic explanation.
During random fertilization, no gamete has a greater chance than the other with fusing together in sperm and zygote fusion. These processes contribute to the production of genetic variety because of the many opportunities of unique combinations, unlike the process of mitosis, in which identical daughter cells are always the
If successful, male organisms will not only be able to mate with a female, but will also be able to secure their sense of dominance
The reason for using the C. elegans in an experiment and in research’s is because they are harmless it humans they are non-parasitic. C. elegans grows on. E. coli which can be easily found in rotten fruit or vegetables. This organism is very small and can be handled easily the adult C. elegans is about 1mm in length, C. elegans have
The endocrine system, particularly the hormones it produces releases, aids a homeostatic chemical balance required for the growth and sexual development of the chameleons. Additionally, the hormones regulate biorhythms that facilitate reproduction and initiate behavioural changes inclusive of courtship and the receptiveness and unreceptiveness of the female. The reproductive system of the chameleon is equipped with paired gonads present in both the male and female species and these structures are located near the kidneys. Differing reproductive structures in the female and male species are the presence of two oviducts in the female, while the male has “two erectile hemipenes located in pouches at the ventral base of their tails, behind the cloaca” (Berre & Bartlett, 2009). Coincidentally, hormones and nerves aid in carrying information and aiding communication between cells, and are supported by endocrinal and neuronal glands inclusive of the pituitary gland and the hypothalamus, which controls the production and release of hormones respectively.
Earthworm and Bullfrog comparison 1/14/2018 Dissecting the Animal Kingdom pd 7 pg1 The organisms i will be comparing are the Earthworm and the Bullfrog, the Earthworm is part of the phylum Annelid and the Bullfrog is part of the Phylum Chordate. The earthworm is a invertebrate and the Bullfrog is a vertebrate. This means that the Earthworm does not have a skeletal structure in its body but a bullfrog does. A key characteristic of both the animals is that they have bilateral symmetry.
In terms of appearance, both male and female ants display the orange and black stripes. They have stridulatory organs to create a shrill chirping noise. The wingless female has a fused mesothorax and metathorax with at most two segments. Oppositely, the winged male has three unfused mesosomatic segments. Even from birth the two sexes differ as the males have a single copy of each chromosome while the females have two copies of each chromosome.
Nature can loosely be defined as genetic inheritance and genetic makeup which a person inherits from their parents at the time of conception and carries throughout life. What makes nurture important is that it can change the genetic makeup and genetic inheritance that people inherited from their parents. In a recent study in the University of Manchester, Reinmar Hager and Jason Wolf at the Faculty of life Sciences together with their collaborator James Cheverud at St Louis have shown how maternal environment can affect how genes are expressed, influencing the body weight and growth of young mice, even if they are not related to their mother. They have thus revealed that environment may affect how genes are expressed. Focusing on genomic imprinting, the researchers had shown that the environment has had a strong effect on how imprinting influences body weight and growth in mice (Hawoth).