Gender (Male/Female) based public harassment is harassment that occurs between strangers in public or semi-public places, is usually directed by men to women, and can be verbal or non- verbal. This form of harassment often has a sexual nature and includes multiple forms of harassing behaviors, such as insults, innuendo, and shouting. It cannot be predicted by age, race, or social class (Gardner, 1995). Street harassment consists of unwanted image, whirling-whistles, get catcalling, other actions by strangers. In public areas that can be unnerving and discomforting. Simply put street harassment, most fear, and gives man/women yet another reason to be on edge when out and about. The female felt more conscious and ashamed about their body and …show more content…
In addition to this, Gender (Male/Female) as also limitation were in the researcher focused only on selected male and female students.
Explanatory Theories of Harassment
Gender (male/female) based public harassment. Bernard and Schaffer (1996) proposed the male/female-bonding theory, stating that men/women Bernard and Schaffer (1996) proposed the male/female-bonding theory, stating that men/women have expressed that harassment is “fun” and provides a feeling of camaraderie with other men/women. Further evidence comes from
Gardner (1995), who found that some men/women seem to view harassment as playful.
Additionally, gay men/women will sometimes harass to fit in, which may also 2 supports a male/female-bonding theory. However, a few men reported that they harass purposefully to anger or humiliate women (Bernard & Schaffer), and some may use harassment as a way to select rape victims (Bowman, 1993). Lenten et al. (1999) put forth three other theories: social- structural, sociocultural, and social control theories. All three theories demonstrate the
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Sexual harassment has the cumulative effect of eroding women's commitment to careers in male-dominated areas.
Purpose of the Study
It is clear that gender (Male/Female) based public harassment is pervasive as multiple negative effects on men/women and society. However, little attention has been directed towards this issue.
This may be due in part to both men and women viewing harassment as either trivial or with a romanticized interpretation. Gardner (1995) reported that many men/women use a romanticized rhetoric in response to harassment. From this perspective, women may view harassment as flattery, as due to the nature of men (i.e., “Boys will be boys”), or as harmless. However, women who were harassed by someone they knew for more likely to experience negative effects in only one of those contexts. In work or schools, colleges, universities settings, a men or woman may know his/her harasser, but public harassment is defined as occurring between strangers.
Additionally, men/women at work or schools, colleges, universities may be able to more directly respond to harassment than they can on the street, such as by turning to employment policies.
Opportunities for action are more limited in
Bonnie Mann’s essay Creepers, Flirts, Heroes and Allies discusses the four ways men can contribute to sexual harassment. There are certainly cliche and statistically prevalent circumstances. First, a man can be defined as a creeper which is essentially a man who has the potential of sexual harassment. A man does not need to have stimagized creepy behavior for example, a work setting where the harasser is in a higher position. Any form of creepy behavior is legitimate sexual harassment.
The article, “Street Harassment: Current and Promising Avenues for Researchers and Activists”, expresses the great frustration that women go through while trying to bring awareness to the topic. By using specific word choices and sharing personal experiences, statistics, and studies, Dr. Laura S. Logan successfully uses ethos, logos, and pathos to reveal women's victimization when facing street harassment. Women of all
Furthermore, the feministic and male rhetoric parallel the theory of “nature versus nurture” concept. The male version is the nature side, which is harsh and cruel. The feministic approach is the nurture side, which is respectful and caring. These apply to all situations in life where there is the opportunity to present a genuine and benevolent response, or a blunt and crude response. Gearhart states that communication should be viewed as a “woman-like process” (200).
Harassment and abuse are considered breaches of human rights and occur in all countries. According to Encyclopedia of Psychology, sexual abuse is unwanted sexual activity with perpetrators using force, making threats or taking advantage of victims who are not able to give consent. Most of victims and perpetrators know each other. In sport, women athletes are more frequent victims of harassment and abuse than men athletes. Many women athletes drop out of sport rather than continue being subjected to the constant harassment and abuse.
There are different assumptions on why people get sexually harassed. According to Jenny Deam in the first text these incidents occur all the time and are a part of the culture of hierarchy in the indus-try. The most powerful men in the hierarchy are given free rein to do whatever they want to anyone who is below their positions because they are not going to be held responsible for their actions. Mayim Bialik, who is a senior actress is also an adherent of this point of view. In text two, she says that women, especially the young and beautiful ones, are objectified by powerful men who use their positions to take advantage of their power.
This case reflects the spirit of a period in which bullying and sexual harassment received a great deal of
The harassment is particularly nasty display of sexism; the women were attacked as women. There is a clear assumption that women did not qualify for equal esteem with men – that they were powerless, and that they could be degraded through ridicule of their sex (Conrad, 1998). Overall this shows the larger
According to Catherine Mackinnon a noted legal scholar and feminist, sexual harassment is "the unwanted imposition of sexual requirement in the context of a relationship of unequal power" (MacKinnon, 1979). Sexual harassment generally falls under two categories: quid pro quo harassment and hostile environment. In addition, the majority of victims reporting occurrences of case involving sexual harassment are women, and the lion 's share of reported aggressors are men. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission give legal response to casualties of such inappropriate behavior. A few sociologists relate the full coordination of women into the cutting edge workforce with an increment in cases of sexual harassment.
Imagine a college freshman is studying with a friend when suddenly the true intentions of the friend are made apparent. A guy is having a great time at a party until a girl he does not know forces herself upon him. A weak and tired girl is trying to make it back to her dorm room on a Saturday night when a group of frat boys discover her. All of these stories seem different, but they end in the same way: sexual assault. Assault can happen to anyone, anywhere, regardless of gender or age.
Not long after I viewed another similar situation. Two people who looked to be in their thirties and be a couple did the same thing as the large group. They ran to the middle of the road to wait to cross. You could see that drivers were getting frustrated. One woman in particular who appeared to be in her fifties honked her horn.
“Excuse me. Would you mind trying this on for me?” I turn around to see a male customer holding a baize sweater in his hands. In a pleasant manner, I reply, “I am not sure if that is in my job description.” “You look to be about the same size as my girlfriend
SEXUAL HARASSMENT IN THE WORKPLACE The meaning of harassment is - “conduct as unwanted or unwelcome, and which has the purpose or effect of being intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive.” (Quick & McFadyen, 2017, pg. 286) Harassment can show itself in many different instances. It can be a verbal or physical offensive action against race, sex, age nationality or disability.
This is an understandable position anyone can experience. To feel better, though, they catcall and harass women so that they feel above them. “They feel like the world owes them.” (“Why Do Men Harass Women? New Study Sheds Light On Motivations”
Sexual harassment and sexual assault are very serious issues happening today in the workplace. Women or men have suffered from unsolicited sexual behaviors that are typically provoked by someone “higher” in position. “Sexual harassment especially has been a fixture in the workplace since women began to work outside their homes” (Fitzgerald, 1993). It is solely the responsibility of the employer to ensure that all employees within are aware and are very cautions of laws, misconduct, and liabilities. Employers must enforce the Policy Prohibiting Discrimination and further extend those laws and guidelines to their employees.
Sexual harassment is identified as any unwelcome and unwanted sexual advances, verbal or physical behavior of sexual nature and requesting for sexual favours due to which a worker’s performance is affected, he/she suffers from psychological trauma or an offensive/hostile atmosphere is created at the workplace. The occurrence of workplace sexual harassment is linked with several risk factors. The nature of job and particularly the gender ratio at a workplace and traditionally male oriented jobs are among the significant ones. These pose an increased risk for women to face situations of getting sexually offended or harassed.