1.1. UV-SPECTROPHOTOMETRY Spectroscopy is the measurement and interpretation of electromagnetic radiation absorbed or emitted when the molecules or atoms or ions of a sample move from one energy state to another energy state. Spectroscopy is a general methodology that can be adapted in many ways to extract the information you need (energies of electronic, vibrational, rotational states, structure and symmetry of molecules, dynamic information). Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrophotometry is one of the most frequently employed techniques in Pharmaceutical analysis. It involves the measurement of the amount of Ultraviolet (190-380nm) radiation by a substance in a solution. A compound or drug which posses conjugated double bond absorbs UV radiation …show more content…
The concentration of the analyte in the sample solution is read from the graph as the concentration corresponding to the absorbance of the solution. Assay of Multi-Component samples: The assay of components of mixture sample can be done by following methods: 1) Simultaneous Equation method 2) Absorbance Ratio method 3) Geometric Correction method 4) Difference spectrophotometry 5) Derivative spectrophotometry The basis of all the spectrophotometric techniques for multicomponent samples is the property that at all wavelengths, a) The absorbance of a solution is the sum of absorbances f the individual components or b) To measure the absorbnce of sample solution with that of reference standard solution. Simultaneous Equation method If a sample contains two absorbing drugs (X and Y) each of which absorbs at the λmax of the other, it may be possible to determine both drugs by the technique of simultaneous equation. The information required is: a) The absorptivities of X at λ1 and λ2, ax1 and ax2 respectively. b) The absorptivities of Y at λ1 and λ2, ay1 and ay2
The cuvette was placed in the spectrophotometer with the arrows, on both the cuvette and the SpectroVis, facing the same side. After the recording, the cuvette was removed from the SpectroVis and the content was poured back into the original volumetric flask. The absorbance as well as the maximum wavelength of each solution was recorded in Table 3 and
Identification of an Unknown Compound using Quantitative and Qualitative Analysis Lauren Tremaglio Chemistry 1011 Lab, Section 16 Instructor: Steven Belina October 3, 2014 Our signatures indicate that this document represents the work completed by our group this semester. Experimental Design and Discussion of Results The objective of this experiment was to identify an unknown compound through quantitative and qualitative analysis. In order to find the identity of the unknown compound, an initial qualitative test for solubility was performed.
A laser hits the fluorescent colors to deliver light which is recognized by a confocal scanner. The scanner then creates a computerized picture from the energized microarray. The advanced picture is further handled by particular programming to change the picture of every spot to a numerical reading. The way toward measuring quality expression by means of cDNA is called expression analysis or expression profiling. By finding which genes in cancer cells are mutated, scientists can better analyze and treat growth.
Hypothesis– Each light sources will have a different spectral, but there will be some similarities in the different light sources. Data Tables/ Graphs – Analysis Questions- Exercise 1: Building and Calibrating a Spectroscope Questions
Empty the blank and use the solution from test tube one to rinse the cuvette twice. Fill it ¾ with solution one, wipe the outside, and place it in the spectrometer. 8. Start data collection and display a full spectrum graph. Stop the data and the wavelength of maximum absorbance will be identified.
Fill each cuvettes with its respective solution. Turn on the spectrophotometer, so it can warm up then calibrate it to 0% absorbance. Put the corresponding extract blank and set the spectrophotometer to 100% transmittance, then calibrate it to 540 nm. Once catechol is added in the cuvettes, make sure the solution is mixed. Place carrot cuvette in the spectrophotometer and record the resulting transmittance.
The addition signs for each test on serum 2216 illiterates how concentrated the molecule is like purple for example was the most concentrated due to the amount of addition signs in the table. For Macromolecule test 1 and 2 the sample was diluted. Both the concentration and decreased by an equal set of intervals. The volume of distilled water is what was added and the results illustrate how deeply colored each concentration was. Each cup was diluted with the test pertaining to it with a syringe that explain the volume and the concentration is from heating or mixing the sample throughout the investigation.
Introduction Optometry is the career I have been considering for most of my high school life. Optometrists are the doctors of every aspect of the eyes. According to NSU Florida “The Doctor of Optometry (O.D.) is a professional degree which requires four years of professional study” (“Doctor of Optometry (O.D.) Program”). They diagnose and try to treat/inform people about their vision and or eye diseases.
Introduction 1.1 Aim: To determine the kinetic parameters, Vmax and Km, of the alkaline phosphatase enzyme through the determination of the optimum pH and temperature. 1.2 Theory and Principles (General Background): Enzymes are highly specific protein catalysts that are utilised in chemical reactions in biological systems.1 Enzymes, being catalysts, decrease the activation energy required to convert substrates to products. They do this by attaching to the substrate to form an intermediate; the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme. Then, another or the same enzyme reacts with the intermediate to form the final product.2 The rate of enzyme-catalysed reactions is influenced by different environmental conditions, such as: concentration
Introduction The term chromatography actually means colour writing, and signifies a technique by which the substance to be examined is placed in a vertical glass tube containing an adsorbent, the different segments of the substance traveling through the adsorbent at distinctive rates of velocity, according to their degree of attraction to it, and producing bands of colour at different levels of the adsorption column. The substances least absorbed emerge earliest; those more strongly absorbed emerge later. (Wixom et al., 2011) In chromatography of all types, there is a mobile phase and a stationary phase.
Introduction As we already know UV (aka sunlight and artificial UV lighting) can cause forms of skin cancers. It seems to be common sense now days but we really don’t know how or why specifically and we also don’t really know what preventative measures actually work. As we grow up every day we expose ourselves to sunlight but unless we are going out to the beach or pool, we don’t take preventative measures to keep our skin safe from radiation and some are even attempting to do the complete opposite for beautification.
B. SEMI-QUANTITATIVE SLIDE TEST: • Clean the glass slide. • Place drops of undiluted serum in 1st ,2nd ,3rd ,4th and 5th circles respt. on the slide. • Add one drop of the appropriate Ag solution which showed agglutionation in slide test in each of the circle.
What is light? It is an electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye, and is responsible for the sense of sight. (slideshare, 2014) Light is part of the electromagnetic spectrum, which ranges from radio waves to gamma rays.
This can be tested by simply mixing the serum of suspected individual which contain the antibodies with the antigens of specific bacteria the accumulation of clumps confirms the presence of particular bacterial infection.[2] This test can be performed in various ways including slide agglutination reaction, tube agglutination reaction, indirect agglutination inhibition reactions etc. Another important practical application involves blood group test of
Hyperspectral Imaging “If a picture is worth 1000 words, a Hyperspectral image is worth almost 1000 pictures.” Dr. John P Ferguson Hyperspectral imagining by definition means obtaining the spectrum for each pixel in the image of a scene, with the purpose of finding objects, identifying materials, or detecting processes. In more scientific terms, imaging spectroscopy (another terminology for Hyperspectral imaging) measures the spectral signatures hence allows it to measure the chemical composition of all features inside the sensor’s field of view. In simpler terms Hyperspectral imaging allows the identification of certain materials and/or elements from a specific image using both spatial and spectral information from the materials within a